First Officer Oral Ulusman, 38, had 5,600 hours flying time, and Flight Engineer Erhan zer, 37, had 2,120 flying hours experience. But that came much too late for the 346 victims of the tragedy in the Ermenonville Forest and the countless bereaved loved ones that they left behind. Somehow, Turkish Airlines flew this plane for 15 months without the cargo door coming open in flight. The six passengers in the seats were killed when they fell into a field in St. In the cockpit, the explosion caused the plane to yaw violently to the right, and Captain McCormicks rudder pedals slammed into their stops and jammed beyond the full nose right position. Mr. Brian Lucius Arthur, 32, married, two children, real estate agent But in this case, the engineer who the FAA had assigned to certify the vent door was the same man who had conducted the tests of the door on behalf of McDonnell Douglas. The investigation sparked blame on Turkish Airlines and Douglas itself since both were at fault for different parts of the crisis. Mr. Michiaki Ohhama, 23, bank management trainee How many passengers were on Turkish Airlines Flight 981? via Tirana 3h 50. . No serious incidents involving the DC-10 cargo door ever again occurred. The plane was almost full due to a strike by British European Airways employees. All Seats. As the plane climbed, the pressure acting on the door was transmitted through the hinges and into the latch actuator bolts, until the bolts sheared off under the strain at 11,750 feet, causing the cargo door to depart the airplane. Meanwhile, back in 1972, engineers at the Convair division of General Dynamics, which Douglas had contracted to manufacture the fuselage and doors according to its specifications, began to express concern about the design of the aircrafts floor. Passenger doors are designed based on this principle. Mr. Takashi Kamiya, 24, bank management trainee When the door blew off, the primary as well as both sets of backup control cables that ran beneath the section of floor that was blown out were completely severed. Mr. Franois de Bellegar palhortie, 44, married, four children, engineer Lightly loaded with just 56 passengers and 11 crew, the DC-10 took off from Detroit at 19:20 and climbed away into the evening sky, heading east over Canada. Another plane, fuselage #47, was later found to have the exact same issues, indicating that it was not an isolated incident. Captain Ulusman pushed the throttles forward to TO/GA in a last ditch effort to save the aircraft, calling out "Speed, speed!" The cabin blew out! First Officer Ulusman exclaimed. Join the discussion of this article on Reddit! When the floor collapsed during the depressurization, the left rudder cable was severed, causing the right rudder cable to go into tension, which resulted in an irreversible right rudder hardover. Mr. Sidney Waterhouse, 48, married, four children, textile representative Problems with the hatches had occurred previously, most notably in an identical incident that happened on American Airlines Flight 96 in 1972. It took off in an easterly direction, then turned to the north to avoid flying directly over Paris. The flight crew were all Turkish. The name given to the crashed DC-10, Ankara, is still used on an Airbus A340-300 (TC-JDL, MSN: 57) in Star Alliance livery. Mr. Ronald Charles Frederick Beasley, 56, married, one child, merchant and his wife May Florence, 54 A large section of the floor near the last few rows of seats consequently failed, collapsing down into the cargo hold. At 12:41 and 43 seconds, Turkish Airlines flight 981 plowed into the dark pines of the Ermenonville Forest, pitched four degrees nose down and traveling at a speed of 423 knots 783 kilometers per hour. Date March 3, 1974, located at Orly Airport, Paris, France. The DC-10 operating this flight was less than a year old and was in excellent condition. Mr. Elfryn Lloyd, 46, married, five children, aeronautical designer Among the British passengers were members of an amateur rugby team from Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, who were returning from attending a Five Nations match between France and England and trade union leader James Conway. But the deaths of 346 people in a forest outside Paris were really the culmination of a complex, interconnected web of events, driven by a large number of people who each did what they thought was necessary or right, whether that was the baggage handler who locked a door that wasnt closed, or the McDonnell Douglas executive who feared that the company would fail and he would lose his job if he didnt sell enough DC-10s. Mr. David Herman Kween, 30, married, two children, merchant (and his wife Phyllis, listed under U.S, victims) The underlying factor in the sequence of events leading to the accident was the incorrect engagement of the door latching mechanism before take-off. The plane was diving ever more steeply toward the ground, spiraling downward faster and faster, hurtling toward the fields, forests, and villages below. Hurt called this an interesting legal and moral problem. And in the end, he chose the legal over the moral. After the crash of Flight 981, the latching system was completely redesigned. When Turkish Airlines Flight 981 arrived in Paris from Istanbul, many passengers scheduled to fly on British European Airways transferred to 981 for its final leg to London. Mr. Mario Jorge de Souza Castanon, 26, architect When the locking pins were in place, any rotation of the latches would cause the torque tube flanges to contact the locking pins, making further rotation impossible. . On March 3, 1974, the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 operating the flight crashed into the Ermenonville forest outside Paris, killing all 346 people on board. Most European airlines planned to take two years to incorporate the DC-10 into their fleets; Turkish Airlines wanted to do it in twelve weeks. Mr, Kimio Tsukada, 24, married, trading company management trainee Mr. James Wedgwood Leslie Berg, 37, married, two children, company director, PAKISTANI Pathus. [2] After takeoff, part of the door broke off and caused an explosion in the rear of the aircraft. On the morning of the 3rd, one such flight that had many empty seats was THY Turkish Airlines flight 981, service from Istanbul to London via Paris. Turkish Airlines Flight 981 was a regularly scheduled flight from Istanbul Atatrk Airport to London Heathrow Airport with an intermediate stop in Paris at Orly Airport.On March 3, 1974, the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 operating the flight crashed into the Ermenonville forest outside Paris, killing all 346 people on board. Mrs. Clarita Arditti, 27, married, two children, and her son Julian Edgar, 2 (981 kilometers). The locking pins then ran into the sides of the flanges and stopped, the torque tube bent downward in the middle, the locking handle moved into the locked position, and the cockpit warning light went out. Mr. James Allan Overton, 37, married, three children, engineer and his wife Susan Brenda, 31 In the case of a plug door, this actually seals the door more tightly. Co-pilot Ulusman: (again calmly) The cabin exploded. Mr. Kazuyuki Kembo, 23, trading company management trainee The NTSB was understandably upset that the recommendations it made after the Windsor incident, which could have prevented the Turkish Airlines disaster, were not implemented. If the vent was not plugged, the fuselage would not retain pressure, eliminating any pneumatic force on the hatch. Mr. Robert Arthur Milne, 36, married, compositor and his wife Pauline, 35, design artist In keeping with its overall design philosophy, Lockheed devised an ingenious system that turned the rear cargo door into a semi-plug door. With the rudder pedals jammed, he had to turn left using the ailerons instead, putting the plane into an awkward crab-like attitude as it streaked through the sky. Mr. Kenichi Kawaguchi, 22, bank management trainee Those moments were recorded in the cockpit sound recorder as follows. Mr. James Conway, 58, married, one child, trade union officer The post-crash fires were small, as there were few large pieces of the aircraft left intact to burn. Miss Helen Victoria Rumsey Neale, 38, research economists An outward-opening hatch, however, relies entirely upon its latch to prevent it from opening in flight. The latches were engaged by electric actuators, with a hand crank provided as a backup. Mr. Yuji Okamura, 23, bank management trainee The two planes were also configured differently above the baggage compartment. Miss Linda Woods, Z7, commercial artist Baggage handler Mohammed Mahmoudi was assigned to deal with the rear cargo door, but after waiting for some time, he was told that no bags would be placed there and that he should close the door. [2] The aircraft's original pitch angle was negative 20 degrees, resulting in the aircraft accumulating a massive amount of airspeed during its quick descent. All the pilots fought with everything they had to pull out of the dive, but all their controls were useless; there was nothing they could do. This modification had been applied to Flight 981's plane. Mrs, Hannah Marianne Richards, 59, married, nurse The aircraft hit the tree tops at about 434 knots (500 mph; 800 km/h) at a negative 4 degree pitch angle; the wings broke up, spilling and igniting fuel, exploding and killing the remaining 340 passenger and crew on board on board. To turn left, the ailerons increase the angle of attack of the right wing and reduce the angle of attack of the left wing, causing the right wing to generate more lift and turn the plane. Furthermore, the instructions on the plane regarding the indicator window were printed in English and Turkish, but Algerian-born Mahmoudi, who was fluent in three other languages, could read neither of these. The cargo hatch, however, is not. Mr. Wayne Ayres Wilcox, 41, married, four children, cultural affairs officer and Mrs. Sylvia Mary Beaumont Roch, 61, married, one child [10], Lloyd's of London insurance syndicate, which covered Douglas Aircraft, retained Failure Analysis Associates (now Exponent, Inc.) to investigate the accident as well. Turkish Airlines (TK) Turkmenistan Airlines (T5) TUS Airways (U8) Tway Air (TW) Twin Jet (T7) Ulendo Airlink (NYS) Ultra Air (U0) UM Air (UF) Uni Air (B7) . (Unstated in either memo was the fact that Convair had little choice but to agree to Douglass design decisions.) Flight 981 and American Airlines Flight 96 were examined in "Behind Closed Doors", an episode from the fifth season of the Canadian National Geographic Channel series Mayday (US series title: Air Disasters; international title: Air Crash Investigation). Mr. Arthur Lawrence Cornish, 39, married, one child, printer Turkish Airlines Flight 981 - Passengers Passengers 167 passengers flew on the Istanbul to Paris leg, and 50 of them disembarked in Paris. The plane yawed sharply left, the nose dropped, and all three engines rolled back to idle. AED 981. The second leg of the flight from Paris to London was normally underbooked. In service, however, the electric actuators turned out to be a major annoyance, because they suffered frequent voltage drops that prevented them from driving the latches fully closed. Mr. Francis Michael Hope, 35, married, one child, journalist Mr. Ivor John Bradley, 46, married, two children, marketing director Among the British passengers were members of an amateur rugby team from Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, who were returning from attending a Five Nations match between France and England. Captain Nejat Berkz, co-pilot Oral Ulusman and flight engineer Erhan zer were on the flight that day. Mr. Robert William Wallis, 30, married, one child, student In an instant, all the air rushed out of the pressurized fuselage, blasting the cockpit door off its hinges and sucking the pilots hats back into the passenger cabin. At Orly airport, 50 passengers are scheduled to disembark. McGowen feared that an Airworthiness Directive, which is public and would be released to the media, might harm sales of the DC-10 relative to the L-1011. However, because there are no direct flights between POZ and FRL . May they rest without remorse May my deed change the way we fly , Memorial to the Crew and passengers ofTC-JAV, Association of Families of the Victims of Flight THY-98, Comments / Commentaires sur la catastrophe, Pour les visiteurs souhaitant soumettre des documentations, des commentaires ou crer un contact avec les familles de victimes, merci de cliquer ici. With the morbid stoicism of an experienced police officer, he duly noted the presence of a pair of hands, detached from their owners, but apparently still clasped in a final embrace. An air traffic controller noted that as the flight was cleared to FL230, he had briefly seen a second echo on his radar, remaining stationary behind the aircraft, likely the remains of the rear cargo door. Mr. John North Lewis W1son, 25, married, research economist and his wife Joyce, 24, teacher In order to move the DC-10s massive control surfaces, the pilots inputs are transferred throughout the plane by means of mechanical cables which feed their commands to an array of hydraulic actuators. Both flights experienced uncontrolled explosive decompression when the cargo door latches failed. As soon as airline officials became aware of the hundreds of empty seats aboard the Turkish DC-10, they began to fill them at an astonishing rate. B. As his sight returned, Captain McCormick found the plane turning hard to the right and losing altitude. Mr. gushitami Kojima, 22, bank management trainee The pins were pushed into place by an operating handle on the outside of the hatch. The pilot in command was Nejat (or Mejat) Berkoz, age 44, a former Turkish Air Force pilot and had a total of 7,783 flight hours, and has been with Turkish Airlines for six years. Mrs. Claire Black, 46, married, three children, artist Mr. Mark Dunsford Dottridge, 31, writer The wreckage was so fragmented that it was difficult to tell whether any parts of the aircraft were missing. Facing these twin pressures, Turkish Airlines agreed to buy the planes on three conditions: that the cargo doors be made safe; that McDonnell Douglas provide extensive technical support; and that the planes be ready to fly in time for the Christmas travel rush. Copyright aviationfile 2023. Mrs. Christine Carmen Bland, 46, married, librarian Miss Rachel Margaret Cowie, 47, accountant, BELGIAN Flight 981 took on over 100 amateur English rugby players, a group of Spanish models, and several dozen Japanese trainee bank managers. But a cargo door that is also a plug door would be impractical because of its size, which greatly increases the forces it would have to withstand, and because a cargo door that opens inward would severely decrease the amount of available cargo space. Warnings started to blare, indicating a fire, although there was none. Mr. Makoto Kameyama, 22, trading company management trainee Mr. George Thomas Rogers, 63, married, two children, retired company secretary Mrs. Vilma Ortaagopyan, 37, married, two children However, the FAA is not obligated to act on NTSB recommendations. The DC-10 went out of control and, despite the best efforts of the pilots, crashed into the forests of Ermenonville, 37 km northeast of Paris. Mr. Tadaharu Sakat, 22, bank management trainee There were many passengers on board from Japan and the United Kingdom, so observers from those countries followed the investigation. But these were the medium range model of the DC-10, which was rather unpopular, and finding a buyer was easier said than done. Mr. Masaki Hayashi, 24, trading company management trainee 3 March 1974; THY Turkish Airlines DC10; TC-JAV; flight 981; near Paris, France: The aircraft was a scheduled international flight from Paris to London. Mr. William Claude Dack, 39, married, three children, sales manager Mrs. Tamar Bouhadana, 31, married, two children, fashion designer What happened? he shouted. But if it was Turkish Airlines that made the adjustments, that would not have surprised any of the Douglas employees who were charged with helping THY incorporate the DC-10 into its fleet. Mrs. Isobel Kennedy Griffin, 52, widow, two children, shop assistant Turkish Airlines Flight 981 was a regular flight operated by Turkish Airlines, from Istanbul to London Heathrow, with a stopover in Paris. Similarities to American Airlines Flight 96, The reason the control cables were not completely severed on. To prevent this, the DC-10 used a latching system incorporating "over-center latches" four C-shaped latches mounted on a common torque shaft that were rotated over latching pins ("spools") fixed to the aircraft fuselage. But while Lockheed wanted the L-1011 to advance the state of the industry and introduce radical new technological concepts, McDonnell Douglas preferred to stick with what it already understood: dont try anything that hasnt been tried before, and get it done quickly. All 346 passengers were killed upon impact (ASN, 2008). Mr. Takeo Shinmi, 22, bank management trainee Fokker F28 plane crashes. [note 1]. One of these accidents undoubtedly occurred on Turkish Airlines flight 981. Furthermore, safety concerns prevented the company from selling as many DC-10s as they had hoped. Although Convair informed McDonnell Douglas of the potential problem, Douglas ignored these concerns, because rectification of what Douglas considered to be a small problem with a low probability of occurrence would have seriously disrupted the delivery schedule of the aircraft, and caused Douglas to lose sales. Mr. Yasunori Takashima, 23, bank management trainee The sudden difference between the air pressure in the cargo area and the pressurised passenger cabin above it, which amounted to 2 pounds per square inch or 14 kilopascals, caused a section of the cabin floor above the open hatch to fail and blow out through the hatch, along with six occupied passenger seats attached to the floor section. After all he had done, for a moment Captain McCormick feared that it would be in vain. Turkish Airlines flight 981, a 4th most catastrophic aviation disaster in history, was caused by serious flaw by McDonnell Douglas, and this only disaster made a serious impact on aviation market, also the existence of the McDonnell Douglas company. Turkish Airlines Flight 981 was a scheduled flight from Istanbul Yesilky Airport to London Heathrow Airport, with an intermediate stop at Orly Airport in Paris. 737-800 Passenger Service Unit . He accelerated the engines back to full power, but the number two engine in the tail refused to respond. When designing an airplane door, the greatest challenge is to ensure that it will not fail under the intense pressure differentials at high altitude. Mr. Ronald Edward Powell, 46, married, two children, chartered accountant and his wife Ann, 45 However, a number of factors eventually compelled them to agree to the purchase of three of the orphaned DC-10s sitting at Long Beach Airport. He also had flown the Fokker F27 and the McDonnell Douglas DC-9. The Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, now lagging far behind its upstart rival, didnt follow suit until April 1972. There were a number of other things wrong with the cargo door on fuselage #29 as well. At 11:02 that morning, Turkish Airlines flight 981, a regular DC-10 service from Istanbul to London via Paris, arrived at Orly Airport with a load of 167 passengers. For at least six weeks the police were not even certain of how many people had died. there are 9 airlines operating flights between the two destinations and approximately 55 flights take off from Ibiza to Zagreb every week. The first leg of the Istanbul-Paris-London flight of Turkish Airlines with flight number 981 was completed without any problems. Mr. Anders Sipo Qunta, 59, married, one child, doctor and his wife Margaret Mary, 60 Mr. Islam Temizkan, 25, airline employee Mr, Charles Christopher Bowley, 53, married, two children, doctor He got up on the step ladder, held down the button until he thought he heard the latches close, and then shut the locking handle. One easy way to do this is to create a plug door, which opens inward and is bigger than its frame, causing the interior pressure to force it ever more tightly closed as the plane climbs; such a door is all but impossible to open in flight. Mr. Gregory Robert Anthony Rynsard, 18, student Two years earlier, the same thing happened to another DC-10 operating American Airlines flight 96, leading to a harrowing fight for control which culminated in a successful emergency landing that saved the lives of 67 people. This disaster was one of the main reasons why Douglas company crashed. To make matters worse, Douglas chose a new type of latch to seal the cargo hatch. Fifty Paris-bound passengers disembarked, and baggage handlers opened the rear cargo door to remove their luggage. Turkish Airlines flight 981 Crash Documentary Behind Closed Doors. But American Airlines had requested an electric actuator because it was lighter and easier to maintain, so McDonnell Douglas acquiesced. This is the story of that sordid saga, that years-long dance of critically flawed business decisions, conflicting motivations, and failures of governance that led directly to one of the deadliest plane crashes of all time. As every policeman and firefighter in Senlis rushed into the Ermenonville Forest, Lannier didnt know what to expect. Mrs. Georgina Weld-Forester, 22, married, fashion model Mr. Hayim Kohen, S 1, married, two children, exporter and his wife Coya, 43, exporter Mr. Nicholas Paul Jones, 16, student Only later that day did airport officials inform police and the press that the actual number of people on board was at least 344. 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